GOST / ГОСТ 5632-2014 standard – description of the standard
The GOST 5632-2014 standard, originally published in January 1973 as GOST 5632-72 , was the primary catalog of stainless steels and high-temperature alloys throughout the USSR. It continued to be used long after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Over time, it began to lack precision – it lacked clear definitions of stainless steels, did not include new grades (e.g., duplex), and the requirements for admixtures were too lenient. This was compounded by the development of modern smelting methods and the need to align Russian standards with international standards.
Therefore, a new version of the standard was prepared in 2014. It was developed by the Technical Committee for Metals in conjunction with the TsNIIchermet Institute in Moscow . The new standard came into effect on January 1, 2015, and introduced:
- clear definitions of stainless, heat-resistant and creep-resistant steels,
- stricter limits for residual elements,
- additional markings of metallurgical processes,
- and practical tips on the use of individual species.
W 2018. minor changes have been added – in the tables, next to the new names, the old designations from the 1972 standard have also appeared.
W 2021. minor editorial corrections have been made.
Today, only GOST 5632-2014 is valid , and the old designations with "72" are given only as an aid to make it easier to refer to older documentation.
Standard range
The standard covers:
- deformable stainless steel alloys and
- iron-nickel (Fe-Ni) and nickel (Ni) based alloys,
used in conditions:
- corrosive (electrochemical, chemical, intergranular, stress),
- elevated temperatures – resistance to oxidation (heat resistance) and the ability to work under high temperature loads for a long time (creep resistance).
Normative references
The standard uses the entire package of GOSTs regarding:
- methods for determining elements (C, Si, Mn, Cr, Ni, Mo, Ti, Nb, etc.),
- sampling,
- spectroscopic and gravimetric methods.
In case of disputes, basic methods are used according to the cited GOSTs.
definitions
- Stainless steels – min. 10,5% Cr, max. 1,2% C (exceptionally ≥7,5% Cr).
- Fe-Ni based alloys – (Ni+Fe) > 65%, with a Ni:Fe ratio ≈ 1:1,5.
- Ni-based alloys – Ni ≥ 50%.
- Heat-resistant – resistant to oxidation at temperatures >550 °C in an unstressed state.
- Heat-resistant – retain their mechanical properties when working under high load.
Designations of steel brands – grades
The marking system is based on letters and numbers:
- Letters = elements: Х – Cr, Н – Ni, М – Mo, Т – Ti, Б – Nb, Ю – Al, С – Si, Г – Mn, Д – Cu, К – Co, Ф – V, Р – B, А – N or S, Ц – Zr.
- Digit before the letters = carbon content ×100 (e.g. 12Х18Н10Т → 0,12% C).
- Numbers by letters ≈ % content of the element (e.g. Х18 → 18% Cr, Н10 → 10% Ni).
- Suffixes: melting method, e.g. ВД – vacuum arc melting, Ш – electroslag melting, ВИ – vacuum induction melting, ЭЛ – electron melting.
Classification by structure
- Martensitic,
- Martensitic-ferritic,
- Ferritic,
- Austenitic-martensitic,
- Austenitic-ferritic (duplex),
The classification refers to the state after heating >900°C and air cooling. Deviations resulting from other heat treatments are not a rejection criterion.
Chemical composition and permissible deviations
- Tabela 1: ranges for all grades (C, Cr, Ni, Mo, Ti, Nb, W, V, Al etc.).
- Tabela 2: permissible deviations in production (e.g. C ≤0,03%: +0,005; C >0,03–0,20%: ±0,01; Cr and Ni ±0,2–0,4% depending on content).
- Tabela 3: limits for Ni and Fe-Ni alloys (Ti ≤0,20%; Al ≤0,20% or 0,10%; Nb ≤0,20% or 0,10%; Cu ≤0,07% or 0,25%).
- Rules:
- Cu in non-austenites ≤0,30%; in austenites not standardized unless stipulated in the order.
- Residual Ni in chromium steels ≤0,60% (Cr ≤20%), up to 1,0% (Cr >20%), and in Cr-Mn austenitic steels up to 2,0%.
- Ti in "Ti-free" steels ≤0,20%.
- Mo – in many brands residual max 0,50% (for aviation ≤0,30%, optional ≤0,10%).
- Mo ↔ W conversion is permissible in a ratio of 1:2.
Appendix A – Application Recommendations
The standard includes a map of species assignments for typical applications. Examples:
- 20Х13, 30Х13, 40Х13, 65Х13, 95Х18 – machine parts, springs, knives, household appliances.
- 12Х18Н10Т, 08Х18Н10 – chemical installations, tanks, pipelines.
- ХН60ВТ (ЭИ868), ХН77ТЮР (ЭИ437Б) – aviation industry, energy, turbine and combustion chamber components.
- Duplexes (e.g. 08Х17Н5М3) – chloride-resistant structures (marine industry, petrochemicals).
The main division of materials according to ГОСТ 5632-2014
Corrosion-resistant steels
They include martensitic, ferritic, and austenitic varieties. Examples:
20X13, 30X13, 40X13, 65Х13, 95Х18 – martensitic steels for machine parts, springs and knives
12Х18Н10Т, 08Х18Н10, 10Х17Н13М2Т – austenitic stainless and acid-resistant, typical "Soviet 304/316"
08Х21Н6М2Т, 03Х17Н14М3 – steels for chemical equipment
12X13, 15X28 – ferritic steels
Heat-resistant steels
Steels resistant to hot gases and high-temperature oxidation processes. Examples:
15Х25Т, 20Х23Н18, 20Х25Н20С2 – chromium and chromium-nickel heat-resistant steels
40Х24Н12С2Г2, 45Х14Н14В2М – special steels resistant to aggressive high-temperature atmospheres
Х25Н20С2 – equivalent to type 310 steel
Heat-resistant steels
They maintain their mechanical properties during prolonged operation at high temperatures under load. Examples:
20Х25Н20С2, 40Х24Н12С2Г2 – elements of furnaces, reactors and power plants
45Х14Н14В2М, 45Х25Н20С2 – high-nickel steels for operation in difficult thermal conditions
ХН38ВТ (ЭИ703) – steel used in the aviation and energy industries
Iron-nickel alloys
Fe-Ni alloys with additions of Cr, Mo, Ti, Al, often marked ХН… or ЭИ… Examples:
ХН60ВТ (ЭИ868), ХН77ТЮР (ЭИ437Б) – heat-resistant and creep-resistant alloys for turbines
ХН73МБТЮ (ЭИ602), ХН62МВКЮ (ЭИ867) – high-temperature aircraft structural alloys
ХН28ВМАБ (ЭП126), 06ХН28МДТ (ЭИ943), 03ХН28МДТ (ЭП516), 06ХН28МТ (ЭИ628) – corrosion-resistant, for chemical equipment and in aggressive environments
Nickel alloys
Nickel-based superalloys used for extreme temperatures and loads. Examples:
ВЖ98, ВЖ159 – nickel casting superalloys for turbine blades
ХН73МБТЮ, ХН62МВКЮ – materials for aircraft engines and energy
Н70МФВЦТЮ – high-temperature alloy of nickel with molybdenum and tungsten
Н70ВМЛ – nickel alloy for components operating in aggressive environments
Cobalt alloys
Less common, but crucial in special applications, especially where wear and corrosion resistance are required under extreme conditions. Examples:
КХС, КХ45, ВКНА – cobalt alloys for the aviation and energy industries
KКМЖ, КСН type alloys – materials for high-temperature bearings and elements exposed to friction
Some are also used in medicine – implants, prostheses, surgical instruments
What's new compared to the older standard (72)
- Clear definitions of "stainless / heat-resistant / heat-resistant".
- Extended limits for residual and harmful elements (Pb, Sn, Sb, Bi, Cd, As).
- Clarified designations of metallurgical processes.
- Introduction of new structural classes (duplex).
- Appendix A – detailed assignment of species to industries and applications.
- The tables are given in parallel old markings according to ГОСТ 5632-72 in brackets (for continuity).
GOST 5632-2014 is the main standard for stainless, heat-resistant and creep-resistant steels in Russia and the CIS countries.
Defines:
- chemical compositions and deviations,
- structural classification,
- markings of brands and smelting processes,
- residual admixture limits,
- map of applications for individual species.
This document combines a species catalogue with application guidelines and is the basis for material selection in the chemical, energy, petrochemical and aviation industries.
Differences GOST / ГОСТ 5632-72 vs. GOST / ГОСТ 5632-2014
Standard range
- 72: defines "high-alloy, stainless, heat-resistant and high-temperature steels" – a general, less precise approach.
- 2014: more precise – stainless steel must have ≥10,5% Cr and ≤1,2% C. Heat resistance and creep resistance are clearly described with temperature and load criteria.
Classification by property
- 72:
- I – corrosion resistant,
- II – heat-resistant (above 550 °C, at low loads),
- III – high temperature (maintaining load-bearing capacity under load over time).
- 2014: these three groups have been retained, but the definitions of heat resistance and creep resistance have been expanded and made more precise.
Classification by structure
- 72: six classes – martensitic, martensitic-ferritic, ferritic, austenitic-martensitic, austenitic-ferritic, austenitic.
- 2014: the division is the same, but the definitions of duplexes and transition classes are clearly specified.
Chemical compositions and additives
- 72: extensive tables with permissible residues (e.g. Cu ≤ 0,3%, Mo ≤ 0,3%), but less stringent tolerances.
- 2014:
- more precise limits for residual elements,
- Mo ↔ W interchangeability is allowed in the ratio 1:2,
- limits for Cu, Nb, V and other additives have been tightened.
Designations of steel grades
- 72: new and old designations existed side by side (e.g., 08Х18Н10 and ЭИ914). The letters corresponded to the elements, the numbers indicated the approximate content.
- 2014: the system was retained, but the list of element symbols was expanded and a consistent notation of metallurgical processes was introduced (ВД, ВИ, ЭЛ, etc.).
Reference standards / test methods
- 72: references to older GOSTs, partly based on ISO 683.
- 2014: update – links to newer GOSTs (2000+) and ISO/ASTM, e.g. GOST 12344-2003 (C), GOST 12361-2002 (Nb).
Species tables
- 72: extensive list of brands (Х18Н10Т, Х20Н80, ЭИ868 etc.) – classic USSR catalog.
- 2014: most of the brands have been retained, but the tables provide parallel designations according to the old standard to facilitate comparison (e.g. 12Х18Н10Т [Х18Н10Т]).
Applications (Appendix A)
- 72: there were recommendations, but they were general.
- 2014: significantly expanded – specific assignment of species to the chemical, energy, aviation and household appliances industries.
ГОСТ 5632-72 – a classic catalogue of the USSR era, less restrictive, with a basic division.
ГОСТ 5632-2014 – modern version: clarified definitions, stricter chemical limits, references to ISO, as well as "translation" of old brands into modern notation.
Other Eastern standards
Steel standards GOST, OST, TU
GOST and GOST-R standards for steel
OST Standards Industry Standards for Steel in the USSR
TU standards – Technical conditions for steel
GOST 4543-71 standard, High-quality structural alloy steels
GOST 5632-2014 Standard Stainless steel alloys and corrosion-resistant, heat-resistant and creep-resistant alloys – Grades
List of iron-nickel (Fe-Ni) alloys and nickel according to GOST / ГОСТ 5632-2014
Steel standards DSTU, DSTU-R, state steel standards – Ukrainian
Other standards
Steel standards PN, EN, AFNOR, DIN, ASTM, SEW, AISI and others